Types of Covid 19 Vaccines

Types of Covid 19 Vaccines

1)    RNA vaccines  

A ribonucleic acid (RNA) vaccine or messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine is a type of vaccine that  teach our cells how to make a protein—or even just a piece of a protein—that triggers an immune response inside our bodies. That immune response, which produces antibodies, is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies. It uses a copy of a natural molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. Once inside the immune cells, the vaccine's RNA functions as mRNA, causing the cells to build the foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen (such as a virus) or by a cancer cell. These protein molecules stimulate an adaptive immune response which teaches the body how to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen or cancer cells.

. Instead of introducing the body to an inactivated or weakened version of a virus or a piece of it, they temporarily turn the body’s cells into tiny vaccine-making factories.

	Pfizer–BioNTech	Moderna	Curevac	Walvax
Brand Name	Comirnaty	mRNA-1273
Company	Pfizer, America and BionTech, Germany	Moderna, America	Germany	China
			Not effective

 

• First, most negative effects occur within 6 weeks of receiving a vaccine, which is why the FDA asked the companies to provide 8 weeks of safety data after the last dose.
• Second, the mRNA in the vaccine breaks down pretty quickly because our cells need a way to stop mRNA from making too many proteins or too much protein.
• But, even if for some reason our cells did not break down the vaccine mRNA, the mRNA stops making the protein within about a week, regardless of the body’s immune response to the protein.

Both vaccines can induce strong reactions, especially after the second shot, including headaches, muscle and joint pain, and fever. For example, in the Moderna trial, after the second dose of the shot, most people under 65 experienced fatigue and muscle pain; about half had chills, and 1 in 6 people got a fever. With both vaccines, these side effects are less common in older adults.

Concerns: Gene Therapy, Alteration of DNA.

 

 

2)    Viral vector vaccines (Low Risk)

A viral vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material coding for a desired antigen into the recipient's host cells. Viral vector vaccines use a modified version of a different virus (the vector) to deliver important instructions to our cells. An adenovirus vaccine is a virus that has been altered so that it can't make you sick, it can't replicate, it cannot integrate into your DNA, so they take out some really important parts of that virus genome. What's done to the virus is that actually a little genetic snippet is exchanged and placed into the adenovirus that is actually from the COVID virus.

Viral vector vaccines do not cause infection with either the virus used as the vector, or the source of the antigen. The genetic material it delivers does not integrate into a person's genome.^[1]

Viral vector vaccines enable antigen expression within cells and induce a robust cytotoxic T cell response, unlike subunit vaccines which only confer humoral immunity. Most viral vectors are designed to be incapable of replication because the necessary genes are removed.

 

	Brand Name	Country of Origin	Effectiveness/ Side effects
Sputnik Light	Sputnik Layt or Lajt. First dose of Sputnik V	Russia
Sputnik V	Gam-KOVID-Vak	Russia
Oxford–AstraZeneca	Covishield, Vaxzevria	British-Sweden	Rare Blood clotting
Convidecia		China
Johnson & Johnson	Janssen	America and Neither land
Grad-COV2		Italy	Underdevelopment

 

1. First, the vector (not the virus that causes COVID-19, but a different, harmless virus) will enter a cell in our body and then use the cell’s machinery to produce a harmless piece of the virus that causes COVID-19. This piece is known as a spike protein and it is only found on the surface of the virus that causes COVID-19.
2. Next, the cell displays the spike protein on its surface, and our immune system recognizes it doesn’t belong there. This triggers our immune system to begin producing antibodies and activating other immune cells to fight off what it thinks is an infection.
3. At the end of the process, our bodies have learned how to protect us against future infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. The benefit is that we get this protection from a vaccine, without ever having to risk the serious consequences of getting sick with COVID-19. Any temporary discomfort experienced after getting the vaccine is a natural part of the process and an indication that the vaccine is working.

 

3)    Conventional inactivated vaccines

An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine) is a vaccine consisting of virus particles, bacteria, or other pathogens that have been grown in culture and then killed to destroy disease producing capacity. In contrast, live vaccines use pathogens that are still alive (but are almost always attenuated, that is, weakened). Pathogens for inactivated vaccines are grown under controlled conditions and are killed as a means to reduce infectivity and thus prevent infection from the vaccine. The virus is killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde.

Inactivated vaccines are not strongly influenced by antibodies in the host body, compared to live vaccines. This means that they can be administered when antibodies are present in the blood, such as during infancy or after being given medication containing antibodies.

Inactivated vaccines cannot replicate and always require repeated doses for immunity to be achieved. The first dose is the one that prepares the immune system to respond, but a protective immune response does not develop until the second or later doses.

	Brand Name	Country of Origin	Effectiveness
BBIBP-CorV	Sinopharm	Beijing, China
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences		China
CoronaVac	Sinovac	Sinovac Biotech, China	Low efficiency against Delta Variant
Covaxin	BBV152	Bharat Biotech, India	Phase 3 Trial results awaited.
CoviVac	КовиВак	Chumakov Centre, Russia
COVIran Barakat		Shifia, Iran	Very low participants for trials
Minhai-Kangtai		China
QazVac		Kazakastan	Even Phase I trials not published
WIBP-CorV		China
Valneva		France

 

 

 

4)     Protein subunit vaccines

	Brand Name	Country of Origin	Effectiveness
EpiVacCorona	EpiVakKorona	Russia	Low Antibodies
RBD-Dimer	ZIFIVAX	China
Novavax	COV2373, Covovax	America	Underdevelopment
KBP		America	Underdevelopment
VAT00002 and VAT00008	Vaccino	Sanofi Pasteur and GSK France and England	Low immune response in people above 50. Underdevelopment
ARCT021		Singapore	Underdevelopment
Abdala		Cuba	Underdevelopment
Nanocovax		Vietnam
SCB 2019		China

 

Rather than injecting a whole pathogen to trigger an immune response, subunit vaccines (sometimes called acellular vaccines or recombinant, conjugate, and polysaccharide vaccines) contain purified pieces of it, which have been specially selected for their ability to stimulate immune cells. Because these fragments are incapable of causing disease, subunit vaccines are considered very safe. Just like inactivated vaccines, the vaccine is completely "dead", and is therefore less risky.

Other Than above types

5)    Attenuated Vaccines

The key difference between live attenuated and inactivated vaccines is that live attenuated vaccines are vaccines that contain pathogens that have been weakened or attenuated, while inactivated vaccines are vaccines that contain pathogens that have been killed or have been altered.

Live attenuated vaccines are vaccines that contain pathogens (bacteria, viruses) that have been weakened (attenuated). An attenuated vaccine is created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen. But in an attenuated vaccine, the pathogen is still viable. In the process of attenuation, infectious agents are altered to make them less virulent. These vaccines are different from inactivated vaccines that are produced by killing the pathogen. Attenuated vaccines trigger a strong immune response that is long-lasting. Moreover, attenuated vaccines produce a stronger and more durable immune response with a quick immunity onset. The function of an attenuated vaccine is to encourage the body to create antibodies and memory cells in response to a specific pathogen such as bacteria and viruses.

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine underdevelopment with Australia.

6)    Virus Like Particle (VLP)

Under development with Serum institute.

 

7)    Multitope peptide based vaccines.

COVAXX UB-612 (America).

 

8)    DNA Vaccines (Long Term Risky Route)

INO 4800, AG 030, NVoc, GX-19N, ZycovD (India, Cadilla Healthcare)