Types of Covid 19 Vaccines

Types of Covid 19 Vaccines

1)    RNA vaccines  

A ribonucleic acid (RNA) vaccine or messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine is a type of vaccine that  teach our cells how to make a protein—or even just a piece of a protein—that triggers an immune response inside our bodies. That immune response, which produces antibodies, is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies. It uses a copy of a natural molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. Once inside the immune cells, the vaccine's RNA functions as mRNA, causing the cells to build the foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen (such as a virus) or by a cancer cell. These protein molecules stimulate an adaptive immune response which teaches the body how to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen or cancer cells.

. Instead of introducing the body to an inactivated or weakened version of a virus or a piece of it, they temporarily turn the body’s cells into tiny vaccine-making factories.

	Pfizer–BioNTech	Moderna	Curevac	Walvax
Brand Name	Comirnaty	mRNA-1273
Company	Pfizer, America and BionTech, Germany	Moderna, America	Germany	China
			Not effective

 

• First, most negative effects occur within 6 weeks of receiving a vaccine, which is why the FDA asked the companies to provide 8 weeks of safety data after the last dose.
• Second, the mRNA in the vaccine breaks down pretty quickly because our cells need a way to stop mRNA from making too many proteins or too much protein.
• But, even if for some reason our cells did not break down the vaccine mRNA, the mRNA stops making the protein within about a week, regardless of the body’s immune response to the protein.

Both vaccines can induce strong reactions, especially after the second shot, including headaches, muscle and joint pain, and fever. For example, in the Moderna trial, after the second dose of the shot, most people under 65 experienced fatigue and muscle pain; about half had chills, and 1 in 6 people got a fever. With both vaccines, these side effects are less common in older adults.

Concerns: Gene Therapy, Alteration of DNA.

 

 

2)    Viral vector vaccines (Low Risk)

A viral vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material coding for a desired antigen into the recipient's host cells. Viral vector vaccines use a modified version of a different virus (the vector) to deliver important instructions to our cells. An adenovirus vaccine is a virus that has been altered so that it can't make you sick, it can't replicate, it cannot integrate into your DNA, so they take out some really important parts of that virus genome. What's done to the virus is that actually a little genetic snippet is exchanged and placed into the adenovirus that is actually from the COVID virus.

Viral vector vaccines do not cause infection with either the virus used as the vector, or the source of the antigen. The genetic material it delivers does not integrate into a person's genome.^[1]

Viral vector vaccines enable antigen expression within cells and induce a robust cytotoxic T cell response, unlike subunit vaccines which only confer humoral immunity. Most viral vectors are designed to be incapable of replication because the necessary genes are removed.

 

	Brand Name	Country of Origin	Effectiveness/ Side effects
Sputnik Light	Sputnik Layt or Lajt. First dose of Sputnik V	Russia
Sputnik V	Gam-KOVID-Vak	Russia
Oxford–AstraZeneca	Covishield, Vaxzevria	British-Sweden	Rare Blood clotting
Convidecia		China
Johnson & Johnson	Janssen	America and Neither land
Grad-COV2		Italy	Underdevelopment

 

1. First, the vector (not the virus that causes COVID-19, but a different, harmless virus) will enter a cell in our body and then use the cell’s machinery to produce a harmless piece of the virus that causes COVID-19. This piece is known as a spike protein and it is only found on the surface of the virus that causes COVID-19.
2. Next, the cell displays the spike protein on its surface, and our immune system recognizes it doesn’t belong there. This triggers our immune system to begin producing antibodies and activating other immune cells to fight off what it thinks is an infection.
3. At the end of the process, our bodies have learned how to protect us against future infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. The benefit is that we get this protection from a vaccine, without ever having to risk the serious consequences of getting sick with COVID-19. Any temporary discomfort experienced after getting the vaccine is a natural part of the process and an indication that the vaccine is working.

 

3)    Conventional inactivated vaccines

An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine) is a vaccine consisting of virus particles, bacteria, or other pathogens that have been grown in culture and then killed to destroy disease producing capacity. In contrast, live vaccines use pathogens that are still alive (but are almost always attenuated, that is, weakened). Pathogens for inactivated vaccines are grown under controlled conditions and are killed as a means to reduce infectivity and thus prevent infection from the vaccine. The virus is killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde.

Inactivated vaccines are not strongly influenced by antibodies in the host body, compared to live vaccines. This means that they can be administered when antibodies are present in the blood, such as during infancy or after being given medication containing antibodies.

Inactivated vaccines cannot replicate and always require repeated doses for immunity to be achieved. The first dose is the one that prepares the immune system to respond, but a protective immune response does not develop until the second or later doses.

	Brand Name	Country of Origin	Effectiveness
BBIBP-CorV	Sinopharm	Beijing, China
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences		China
CoronaVac	Sinovac	Sinovac Biotech, China	Low efficiency against Delta Variant
Covaxin	BBV152	Bharat Biotech, India	Phase 3 Trial results awaited.
CoviVac	КовиВак	Chumakov Centre, Russia
COVIran Barakat		Shifia, Iran	Very low participants for trials
Minhai-Kangtai		China
QazVac		Kazakastan	Even Phase I trials not published
WIBP-CorV		China
Valneva		France

 

 

 

4)     Protein subunit vaccines

	Brand Name	Country of Origin	Effectiveness
EpiVacCorona	EpiVakKorona	Russia	Low Antibodies
RBD-Dimer	ZIFIVAX	China
Novavax	COV2373, Covovax	America	Underdevelopment
KBP		America	Underdevelopment
VAT00002 and VAT00008	Vaccino	Sanofi Pasteur and GSK France and England	Low immune response in people above 50. Underdevelopment
ARCT021		Singapore	Underdevelopment
Abdala		Cuba	Underdevelopment
Nanocovax		Vietnam
SCB 2019		China

 

Rather than injecting a whole pathogen to trigger an immune response, subunit vaccines (sometimes called acellular vaccines or recombinant, conjugate, and polysaccharide vaccines) contain purified pieces of it, which have been specially selected for their ability to stimulate immune cells. Because these fragments are incapable of causing disease, subunit vaccines are considered very safe. Just like inactivated vaccines, the vaccine is completely "dead", and is therefore less risky.

Other Than above types

5)    Attenuated Vaccines

The key difference between live attenuated and inactivated vaccines is that live attenuated vaccines are vaccines that contain pathogens that have been weakened or attenuated, while inactivated vaccines are vaccines that contain pathogens that have been killed or have been altered.

Live attenuated vaccines are vaccines that contain pathogens (bacteria, viruses) that have been weakened (attenuated). An attenuated vaccine is created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen. But in an attenuated vaccine, the pathogen is still viable. In the process of attenuation, infectious agents are altered to make them less virulent. These vaccines are different from inactivated vaccines that are produced by killing the pathogen. Attenuated vaccines trigger a strong immune response that is long-lasting. Moreover, attenuated vaccines produce a stronger and more durable immune response with a quick immunity onset. The function of an attenuated vaccine is to encourage the body to create antibodies and memory cells in response to a specific pathogen such as bacteria and viruses.

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine underdevelopment with Australia.

6)    Virus Like Particle (VLP)

Under development with Serum institute.

 

7)    Multitope peptide based vaccines.

COVAXX UB-612 (America).

 

8)    DNA Vaccines (Long Term Risky Route)

INO 4800, AG 030, NVoc, GX-19N, ZycovD (India, Cadilla Healthcare)

  

Cause and cure for Jaundice

What is jaundice?

Jaundice is not a disease but rather a sign that can occur in many different diseases. Jaundice is the yellowish staining of the skin and sclerae (the whites of the eyes) that is caused by high levels of the chemical bilirubin in blood. The color of the skin and sclerae vary depending on the level of bilirubin. When the bilirubin level is mildly elevated, they are yellowish. When the bilirubin level is high, they tend to be brown.
What causes jaundice?

Bilirubin comes from red blood cells. When red blood cells get old, they are destroyed. Hemoglobin, the iron-containing chemical in red blood cells that carries oxygen, is released from the destroyed red blood cells after the iron it contains is removed. The chemical that remains in the blood after the iron is removed becomes bilirubin.

The liver has many functions. One of the liver's functions is to produce and secrete bile into the intestines to help digest dietary fat. Another is to remove toxic chemicals or waste products from the blood, and bilirubin is a waste product. The liver removes bilirubin from the blood. After the bilirubin has entered the liver cells, the cells conjugate (attaching other chemicals, primarily glucuronic acid) to the bilirubin, and then secrete the bilirubin/glucuronic acid complex into bile. The complex that is secreted in bile is called conjugated bilirubin. The conjugated bilirubin is eliminated in the feces. (Bilirubin is what gives feces its brown color.) Conjugated bilirubin is distinguished from the bilirubin that is released from the red blood cells and not yet removed from the blood which is termed unconjugated bilirubin.

Jaundice occurs when there is
 1) too much bilirubin being produced for the liver to remove from the blood. (For example, patients with hemolytic anmeia have an abnormally rapid rate of destruction of their red blood cells that releases large amounts of bilirubin into the blood),
2) a defect in the liver that prevents bilirubin from being removed from the blood, converted to bilirubin/glucuronic acid (conjugated) or secreted in bile, or
3) blockage of the bile ducts that decreases the flow of bile and bilirubin from the liver into the intestines. (For example, the bile ducts can be blocked by cancers, gallstones, or inflammation of the bile ducts). The decreased conjugation, secretion, or flow of bile that can result in jaundice is referred to as cholestasis: however, cholestasis does not always result in jaundice.

Jaundice can turn the skin and sclerae yellow. In addition, stool can become light in color, even clay-colored because of the absence of bilirubin that normally gives stool its brown color. The urine may turn dark or brownish in color. This occurs when the bilirubin that is building up in the blood begins to be excreted from the body in the urine. Just as in feces, the bilirubin turns the urine brown.

The itching associated with jaundice and cholestasis can sometimes be so severe that it causes patients to scratch their skin "raw," have trouble sleeping

Possible reasons for the jaundice. For example, heavy use of alcohol suggests alcoholic liver disease, whereas use of illegal, injectable drugs suggests viral hepatitis. Recent initiation of a new drug suggests drug-induced jaundice.

Diagnosis/ Detection

Physical examination

The most important part of the physical examination in a patient who is jaundiced is examination of the abdomen. Masses (tumors) in the abdomen suggest cancer infiltrating the liver (metastatic cancer) as the cause of the jaundice. An enlarged, firm liver suggests cirrhosis. A rock-hard, nodular liver suggests cancer within the liver.

Blood tests

Measurement of bilirubin can be helpful in determining the causes of jaundice. Markedly greater elevations of unconjugated bilirubin relative to elevations of conjugated bilirubin in the blood suggest hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells). Marked elevations of liver tests (aspartate amino transferase or AST and alanine amino transferase or ALT) suggest inflammation of the liver (such as viral hepatitis). Elevations of other liver tests, e.g., alkaline phosphatase, suggest diseases or obstruction of the bile ducts.

Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography is a simple, safe, and readily-available test that uses sound waves to examine the organs within the abdomen.

Computerized tomography (CT or CAT scans)

Computerized tomography or CT scans are scans that use x-rays to examine the soft tissues of the abdomen. They are particularly good for identifying tumors in the liver and the pancreas and dilated bile ducts, though they are not as good as ultrasonography for identifying gallstones.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Like CT scans, they are good for identifying tumors and studying bile ducts. MRI scans can be modified to visualize the bile ducts better than CT scans (a procedure referred to as MR cholangiography), and, therefore, are better than CT for identifying the cause and location of bile duct obstruction.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) provides the best means for examining the bile duct. For ERCP an endoscope is swallowed by the patient after he or she has been sedated. The endoscope is a flexible, fiberoptic tube approximately four feet in length with a light and camera on its tip. The tip of the endoscope is passed down the esophagus, through the stomach, and into the duodenum where the main bile duct enters the intestine. A thin tube then is passed through the endoscope and into the bile duct, and the duct is filled with x-ray contrast solution. An x-ray is taken that clearly demonstrates the contrast-filled bile ducts.

Liver biopsy

Biopsy of liver provides a small piece of tissue from the liver for examination under the microscope. The biopsy most commonly is done with a long needle after local injection of the skin of the abdomen overlying the liver with anesthetic. The needle passes through the skin and into the liver, cutting off a small piece of liver tissue. When the needle is withdrawn, the piece of liver comes with it. Liver biopsy is particularly good for diagnosing inflammation of the liver and bile ducts, cirrhosis, cancer, and fatty liver.

Home Remedy For Jaundice

• The patient should rest till acute symptoms subside.
• Water Treatment – Drink lots of water with lemon juice to protect damaged liver cells. A hot immersion bath for 10 minutes at 104 degree Fahrenheit daily eliminates bile pigment through skin and kidneys.
• The patient should be put on a juice fast for a week. After the juice fast, he may adopt an all-fruit diet for a further three to five days, taking three meals a day of fresh Juicy fruits at five-hourly intervals.
• The green leaves of the radish (muli) are also an effective home remedy. Pound the leaves and extract the juice from them. Intake at least one pound of this juice daily.
• Another effective remedy would be to mash a banana and add to it a tablespoon of honey. Have this mixture two times a day.
• In a glass of buttermilk, mix a pinch of black pepper. Intake this for about a week.
• In a cup of boiling water, add 8-10 lemon leaves. Cover it with a lid for about 5 minutes. Now, strain the liquid and drink it. Repeat this for 4-5 days.
• Mix 1/4 tsp of turmeric powder in a glass of hot water. Have this 2 to 3 times a day.
• Take tender papaya leaves and make a paste out of it. Consume ½ tsp of this paste with 1 tsp honey.
• Consuming lots of lime juice is beneficial for a person suffering from jaundice.
• Mix 1/2 tsp ginger juice and 1 tsp each of mint juice and lime juice. have this mixture after a span of few hours.
• Have a glass of tomato juice early in the morning. Add some salt and pepper to it, before drinking.
• Squeeze half a lemon in half a cup of beetroot juice. This is an effective remedy for treating jaundice.
• Consuming a glass of carrot juice every day is also beneficial.
• Avoid having oils, fried foods, butter, turmeric, spicy food, pickles , cream and sour products.